Активный залог и формы глагола
Для активного залога характерно наличие всех 12 временных форм глагола, каждая из которых выражает активное действие подлежащего, в частности:
| Present Simple | I drink coffee every morning. | Я пью кофе каждое утро. |
| Past Simple | My friend bought a car last week. | Мой друг купил машину на прошлой неделе. |
| Future Simple | His parents will fly to Europe next week. | Его родители полетят в Европу на следующей неделе. |
| Present Continuous | I am revising for my exams now. | Я готовлюсь к моим экзаменам сейчас. |
| Past Continuous | Tom was playing basketball at 3 p.m. | Том играл в баскетбол в 3 часа дня. |
| Future Continuous | Jane will be cooking dinner from 1 to 2 p.m. | Джейн будет готовить обед с 1 до 2 часов дня. |
| Present Perfect | You have written ten books about your journeys. | Вы написали десять книг о своих путешествиях. |
| Past Perfect | Paul had repaired the car by the time his wife finished doing the shopping. | Пол отремонтировал машину к тому времени, как его жена закончила ходить за покупками. |
| Future Perfect | I will have done this task by 10 o’clock tomorrow. | Я сделаю это задание к 10 часам завтра. |
| Present Perfect Continuous | We have been waiting at the bus stop for half an hour. | Мы прождали на автобусной остановке полчаса. |
| Past Perfect Continuous | He looked very wet and dirty because he had been playing football in heavy rain. | Он выглядел очень мокрым и грязным, потому что он играл в футбол в сильный дождь. |
| Future Perfect Continuous | By the time this TV program finishes you will have been watching TV for five hours. | К тому времени, как эта программа закончится, ты будешь смотреть телевизор уже пять часов. |
Во всех приведенных выше примерах подлежащее активно и выполняет действие само. Правила образования и употребления различных временных форм активного залога систематизированы в таблице времен английского языка.
Спряжение глаголов в активном залоге происходит за счет изменения формы вспомогательного глагола. Рассмотрим спряжение глагола tostay в различных временных формах (в условиях утвердительного предложения):
| Present Simple | I (you, we, they) usually stay with friends. He (she, it) stays ... | Я (ты, мы, они) обычно останавливаюсь у друзей. Он (она, оно) останавливается… |
| Past Simple | I* stayed at that hotel last summer. | Я останавливался в той гостинице прошлым летом. |
| Future Simple | We* will stay at that luxurious apartment during our next journey. | Мы становимся в том роскошном номере во время нашего следующего путешествия. |
| Present Continuous | I am staying at a hotel in the centre of the city. You (we, they) are staying… | Я остановился в гостинице в центре города. Ты (мы, они) остановились… |
| Past Continuous | I (he, she, it) was staying at that horrible hotel from Monday to Wednesday. You (we, they) were staying… | Я (он, она, оно) останавливался в том ужасном отеле с понедельника по среду. Ты (мы, они) останавливались… |
| Future Continuous | We* will be staying at a motel somewhere near Los Angeles for the whole night. | Мы остановимся в мотеле где-нибудь рядом с Лос-Анджелесом на всю ночь. |
| Present Perfect | I (you, we, they) have already stayed at that hotel. He (she, it) has stayed… | Я (ты, мы, они) уже останавливались в том отеле. Он (она, оно) останавливался… |
| Past Perfect | I* had stayed at that hotel before you offered me a better one. | Я останавливался в том отеле до того, как ты мне предложил отель получше. |
| Future Perfect | I* willalreadyhave stayed at that new hotel by the time we meet and I’ll be able to recommend it to you. | Я уже побываю в том новом отеле к тому времени, как мы встретимся и смогу рекомендовать его тебе. |
| Present Perfect Continuous | I (you, we, they) already have been staying here for two weeks. He (she, it) has been staying… | Я (ты, мы, они) пребываю здесь уже две недели. Он (она, оно) пребывает… |
| Past Perfect Continuous | He* had been staying there for three days by the time his luggage arrived. | Он пробыл здесь уже три дня к тому времени, как прибыл его багаж. |
| Future Perfect Continuous | You* will have been staying at that wonderful hotel for two nights by the time your friends join you. | Ты будешь пребывать в этом чудесном отеле в течение двух ночей к тому моменту, как твои друзья присоединятся к тебе. |
*изменение лица не повлечет за собой изменения глагольной формы
Конспект урока по английскому языку на тему: «активный и пассивный залог». — английский язык, уроки
And now let’s check the words, which we have learnt at the last lesson. So, the first task is to find the words in the puzzle and to translate them. You have two minutes to do it.
Let’s check the task. Read and translate the words one by one.
Let’s look at the next task, which we have to do in order to help the dog. Read Ex. 5 p. 97. Well done!
Excellent! Answer my questions, please.
How does the typical English house look like?
How does the typical Ukrainian house look like?
Is there the room for guests in the typical Ukrainian house?
Is there a shower near every bedroom in Ukraine?
Excellent! You are hard-workers! You have learnt the words and now you know how the typical British house looks like.
Today we’ll recollect what you have learnt about Passive Voice and some tenses (Past Simple, Past Perfect and Present Perfect Continuous).
Let’s begin with the Passive Voice. Tell me, please, what is the Passive Voice?
And how is it formed?
What tenses of the Passive Voice do you know?
How is the Present Passive formed?
How is the Past Passive formed?
Very good. I see that you know these rules, that’s why you are ready to do the next task.
Open your books at page 99 Ex. 1 Choose the word and write the sentence in the passive form. Let’s do this exercise orally one by one.
How clever you are! You may look at the next task. Open your books at page 99 Ex 2. Put the verbs into the Present Passive form as in the example. Do the first three sentences. Write down the first sentence on the blackboard and in your copybooks.
Well done! I think you managed to do the task and you’re ready to do the next one. Let’s recollect what do you know about the Past Simple tense. How the Past Simple is tense formed?
What time expressions does it have?
How the Past Perfect tense is formed?
What time expressions does it have?
Very good! I think you are ready for the next task. Open your books at page 99 Ex. 4 Make sentences. Use the Past Perfect or the Past simple and the words in the brackets. Do the first three sentences.
How clever you are. Now tell me, please, how is the Present Perfect Continuous formed. What time expressions does it have?
You are right! Now look at the next task, please, and read it.
You are right! You are ready to do the next task Ex. 6 p. 100. Do the first three sentences.
Excellent! You have recollected Passive Voice, Past Simple, Past Perfect and Present Perfect Continuous. I think, you know the materiel very well!
How clever you are! You have reached the house and have helped the dog.
Now tell me, please, what tenses have we reviewed today?
Now put up your hands all the pupils who think that today’s lesson was interesting.
Now put up your hands all the pupils who think that today’s lesson was useful for you.
At home do Ex. 2 p. 99 (5-7), Ex. 4 (4-5), Ex. 6 p. 100 (4-6)
You are really hard-workers. Luda, Maria your marks are 10. Roma, your mark is 8. Thank you for the lesson. Good bye.
Specious-правдоподобный
Fashionable-модный
Attic-чердак
Cozy-уютный
Convenient-удобный
The typical English house is cozy, convenient and fashionable.
The typical Ukrainian house is cozy and convenient.
There is no the room for guests in the typical Ukrainian house.
There is no shower near every bedroom in Ukraine.
It is formed with the help of the verb to be and the verb in the third form.
Present Passive and Past Passive
Is, are Ved (3)
Was. Were Ved (3)
The flour, eggs and water are mixed together.
The mixture is called dough.
The dough is kneaded by baker.
The dough is made into loaves.
The loaves are put into a worm place to rise.
The loaves are baked in the oven.
Bread is eaten all over the world.
V
ery strong English tea with milk is called an “English tea”
Yorkshire pudding is made of eggs, flour and milk.
Fruit pudding is usually served for dessert.
The Past Simple tense is formed with the help of the ending –ed to the verb.
Time expressions: yesterday, ago, last week, when
The Past Perfect tense is formed with the help of had plus the verb in the third form.
Time expressions: by, after, before, until
After Lisa’s mother had cooked breakfast she worked in the garden.
Before he had entered home, he took off his shoes.
After Tom had spent two weeks in London he came back home.
Have/ has been Ved
Time expressions: For, since
Ann has been working in London for two years.
My mum has been gardening for two hours.
We have been living in this house for ten years.
We have reviewed Passive Voice, Past Simple and Past Perfect, Present Perfect Continuous.
Переход из активного залога в пассивный
Рассмотрим особенности перевода предложений из активного залога в пассивный и наоборот. Что важно учитывать при этом:
| Active Voice | Passive Voice |
| активное подлежащее = субъект действия | пассивное подлежащее = объект действия, субъект либо отсутствует, либо выражен предложной комбинацией с by |
| доступны все 12 временных форм | доступны только 8 временных форм |
| формы образуются от смыслового глагола согласно правилу из таблицы времен английского языка | формы образуются от вспомогательного глагола to be, а смысловой глагол в любом времени страдательного залога стоит в третьей форме |
Рассмотрим примеры предложений, сказуемое которых выражено активным и страдательным залогом:
| Active | Translation | Passive | Translation | |
| Present Simple | Tom writes one book a year. | Том пишет по одной книге в год. | One book is written by Tom every year. | Одна книга бывает написана Томом каждый год. |
| Past Simple | John repaired his bike yesterday. | Джон ремонтировал свой велосипед вчера. | John’s bike was repaired yesterday. | Велосипед Джона был отремонтирован вчера. |
| Future Simple | Michael will find an answer to this question. | Майкл найдет ответ на этот вопрос. | An answer to this question will be found by Michael. | Ответ на этот вопрос будет найден Майклом. |
| Present Continuous | Terry is building a new house now. | Терри строит новый дом сейчас. | The new house is being built by Terry now. | Новый дом строится Терри сейчас. |
| Past Continuous | When the teacher came the students were writing a test. | Когда учитель вошел, студенты писали тест. | When the teacher came the test was being written by the students. | Когда учитель вошел, тест выполнялся студентами. |
| Future Continuous | We will be playing this new game from 5 to 7 p.m. | Мы будем играть в эту новую игру с 5 до 7 вечера. | ||
| Present Perfect | My brother has lost my key. | Мой брат потерял мой ключ. | The key has been lost by my brother. | Ключ был потерян моим братом. |
| Past Perfect | Jason had sold his old car before he bought a new one. | Джейсон продал свою старую машину, прежде чем купил новую. | Jason’s old car had been sold before he bought a new one. | Старая машина Джейсона была продана прежде, чем он купил новую. |
| Future Perfect | Ann will have packed the suitcases for the trip by the time her husband comes back from work. | Энн уже упакует чемоданы для поездки к тому времени, как ее муж вернется с работы. | The suitcases will have been packed by the time Ann’s husband comes back from work. | Чемоданы будут упакованы к тому времени, как муж Энн вернется с работы. |
| Present Perfect Continuous | James has been living in London for ten years. | Джеймс живет в Лондоне уже десять лет. | не употребляется | |
| Past Perfect Continuous | By the time the plane landed Jerry had been waiting at the airport for two hours. | К тому времени, как самолет приземлился, Джерри прождал в аэропорту два часа. | ||
| Future Perfect Continuous | By the time Paul arrives his friends will have been waiting for him for half an hour. | К тому времени, как Пол прибудет, его друзья будут ждать его уже на протяжении получаса. | ||
Переходность и непереходность глаголов
Следует заметить, что образование форм активного залога возможно для переходных инепереходных глаголов. В страдательном же залоге возможно употребление только переходных глаголов, поскольку непереходные в силу своего значения не допускают употребления в пассивной форме.
| Active | Passive | |
| переходный глагол | They bake a lot of cakes. – Они пекут много пирогов. | A lot of cakes are baked by them. – Много пирогов выпекаются ими. |
| непереходный глагол | We travel a lot. – Мы много путешествуем. | не употребляется |
Активный залог и его противопоставление страдательному залогу является одной из наиболее важных тем английской грамматики. Эта тема требует комплексного подхода, и изучать ее лучше после того, как вы освоили все временные формы активного залога.
