Страдательный (пассивный) залог английского глагола

1. In the modern world, radio and television play an impor­tant role as a means of information, and as a means of people’s political and cultural education. 2. The Central Radio Broad­casting Station has seven channels for the Soviet Union which operate for a total of 140 hours a day. 3. The voice of Soviet radio is heard all over the world. 4. Programmes to other coun­tries are conducted in many languages and total more than 200 hours a day. 5 Modern means of radio engineering cover the greater part of the world with long, medium and ultra-short radio waves. 6. Nevertheless, the technical means are being perfected 7. The number of radio stations in our country is growing constantly. 8. The number of receivers will be greatly increased. 9. The considerable growth of radio receivers produc­tion is influenced by the improvement of living standards of the people¹. 10. The quality of radio receivers has become much better. 11. Valve radio sets were followed by the transistor radio sets. 12. In connection with the growth of radio broadcasting and with the tasks of perfecting its quality, it is planned to build for Moscow’s Central Radio Broadcasting Station another technological studio unit with 56 broadcasting studios. 13. It will be equipped with the most modern transistor devices. 14. In 1956 we had seventeen telecentres which served 5.5 million people. 15. At that time there were only 1.3 million tele­vision receivers; today the number of TV sets has greatly increased. 16. This has become possible primarily due to the development of Central (Moscow) Telecasting, which sends its programmes to a considerable part of our country. 17. Television programmes from Moscow are called Central not only because they come from the capital, but also because they reach many towns by means of a wide network of radio relay and cable lines, and the «Orbita» system. 18. The Moscow Television Centre is in Ostankino. 19. The 533-meter high Ostankino tele­vision tower, which has four transmitting aerials, can be seen from any part of Moscow. 20. The ferro-concrete² part of the tower houses all the technological and auxiliary services³. 21. The first section of this world’s biggest television centre began operations in November 1967. 22. The object of Soviet specialists’ particular attention is colour television. 23. Colour programmes were started in our country in October 1967, using a joint Soviet-French system. 24. In the USSR much has been done for the development of radio broadcasting and television, nevertheless much more will be done in the nearest future. 25. Due to the application of powerful outer-space relays pro­grammes will be directly televised to large territories.

Пояснения к тексту

1. living standards of the people— условия жизни народа

2. ferro-concrete [ ‘ferou ‘koŋkri:t] — железобетонный

3. auxiliary services — вспомогательные службы

Слова для запоминания

п growth, network, quality, radio engineering, receiver, task

v equip, grow (grew, grown), house, operate, perfect, total

a considerable, medium, perfect, total

adυ directly, nevertheless

prep due to

Слова для повторения

п application, development, means, number, wave

υ conduct, cover, improve, increase, influence, transmit

a important, particular, possible, powerful

adυ only, primarily

УПРАЖНЕНИЯ

III. Прочтите и переведите группы слов, обращая внимание на перевод существительных в притяжательном падеже:

1. Petrov’s lecture; 2. the engineer’s task; 3. the student’s receiver; 4. planets’ orbits; 5. the station’s equipment; 6. the scientists’ attention; 7. these particles’ flow; 8. the station’s capacity; 9. the car’s speed; 10. transistor’s crystals; 11. anten­na’s parts.

IV. Прочтите и переведите группы слов:

1. space communication; 2. space communication systems; 3. long-range space communication systems; 4. the production growth; 5. communication channels; 6. long-range communica­tion channels; 7. long-range communication channels improvement; 8. the radio stations network; 9. outer-space relays; 10. the outer-space relays application; 11. the outer-space relays improvement; 12. radio engineering purposes; 13. high voltage transmission lines

V. * Прочтите предложения, определив, какой частью речи явля­ются выделенные слова, и переведите предложения:

1. Television is an importantmeans of communication.

2. This factmeans that the number of radio stations in our country will increase.

3. All technicalmeans will be perfected in future.

4. A number of modernhouses will be constructed in this region.

5. The instrument cabin of a spaceshiphouses various transmitters, power sources and other equipment.

6. This system houses all technological and auxiliary services.

7. The obtainedresult is of great practical importance for the development of these systems.

8. The application of powerful outer-space relaysresults inbetter communication.

9. The Soviet engineers achieved greatresults in constructing semiconductor devices.

10. Semiconductor devices application resultsin better ope­ration of this equipment.

11. Thetotal number of power stations in the USSR is growing constantly.

12. All the devices of this laboratorytotal about two hundred.

VI. * Укажите дробью синонимы: к каждому слову из левой ко­лонки (числитель) подберите его синоним из правой (знаменатель):

1. to grow 1. an antenna

2. to house 2. a way

3. powerful 3. a use

4. total 4. great

5. to perfect 5. to increase

6. an aerial 6. to include

7. to operate 7. strong

8. a means 8. to work

9. an application 9. to improve

10. considerable 10. general

VII. Прочтите и переведите предложения:

1. Receiving station operation is greatly influenced by va­rious factors.

2. This engineer’s design was much spoken of at the confe­rence.

3. Long-range communication systems are being success­fully used in our country.

4. The outer-space relays application will result in a better space communication.

5. This system life time was greatly increased due to the application of semiconductors.

6. The first laser industrial application was followed by many others.

7. The number of systems using superconducting materials totals two hundred.

8. This equipment stability has been greatly improved by means of new efficient parts.

9. This research was given particular attention because of its prime importance for the development of this branch of physics.

10. The new research centre houses all necessary equipment for radio engineering investigation.

11. The scientists have perfected the operation of this system due to the application of new electronic equipment.

12. Particular attention has been paid to the means of impro­ving the properties of semiconductors.

13. The network of transmitting stations is being built in this region now.

14. The quality of colour television was much spoken about at that conference.

15. The application of quantum generators in this branch of industry is being investigated.

VIII. Переведите, не пользуясь словарем:

Television System

The television system is considerably more complex than the sound broadcasting system. In a typical television system two separate transmitters are applied, one for the sound channel and the other for the picture channel. The sound transmitter is frequency-modulated and at the same time transmits the sound which follows the image¹. Each transmitter has its own² antenna.

The image which is being televised is received by the tele­vision camera, which converts³ the optical image into electri­cal impulses. These electrical impulses are amplified by the vi­deo or picture amplifier.

After proper amplification, the video signal modulates the high-frequency carrier⁴ of the television transmitter and is ra­diated into space by the aerial. The picture carrier is ampli­tude-modulated.

Пояснения к тексту

1. the image — изображение

2. own — собственный

3. converts — превращает

4. carrier — несущая

IX. Переведите, пользуясь словарем:

Radio Electronics in Space

Soviet radio electronics has made a great contribution to the preparations for space flights to the Moon, to the planets of the Solar System and to remote stellar worlds. It has proved the possibility of making effective use of radio electronics and radio communication in peaceful space exploration.

When the first space flights were made by Y. Gagarin and G. Titov radio electronics was extensively used for trajectory measurements, for the transmission of radiotelemetric data and for radio communication with the Earth.

In the flights made by A. Nikolayev and P. Popovich some­thing fundamentally new was introduced in space radio commu­nication. The cosmonauts established and maintained reliable two-way telephone and radio communication during their three days of twin flight, coordinated their activity by means of radio, informed each other of the conditions in their cabins and compared the readings of their instruments.

In order to ensure radio communication between the space­ships and also to guarantee contact between the astronauts and the Earth, the spaceships carried radio stations which operated in the short-wave band on 20.006 megacycles with amplitude modulation and in the ultra-short-wave band on 143—625 megacycles with frequency modulation.

Numerous short-wave and ultra-short-wave radio stations have been installed at different points on the Soviet territory. They ensured the most favourable reception of the transmissions made by the astronauts and also the transmission of messages to the spaceships. The high precision of operation of means of communication on the ground made it possible to maintain reliable radio contact with the astronauts.

УРОК 2

THE GERUND

Формы

Функции в предложении

THE PARTICIPLE I

ПРЕДТЕКСТОВЫЕ УПРАЖНЕНИЯ

I. Прочтите предложения, определив функцию герундия, и пере­ведите предложения:

1. Increasing the number of power stations in our country means improving living standards of the Soviet people.

2. Testing a new receiver for the application inthis system was the prime task of the laboratory.

3. The new means of improvingradio communication hasbeen discovered by our engineers.

4. Iron and zinc plates are used for producing negative elec­trodes since these materials produce a high charge.

5. Important results on the ionization were obtained by measuring those particles.

6. In designing electronic computers we have passed from valves to transistors.

7. The transistors are successfully used for transforming heat energy into electrical energy by means of thermal elements.

8. Without increasing the temperature of metals it is impos­sible to increase their resistance.

9. Radiation is usually detected by measuring the amount of ionization.

10. After investigating many materials engineers selected aluminium for constructing this device.

11. By raising the cathode temperature we increase the num­ber of emitted electrons.

12. Without testing the equipment it is impossible to use it in the experiment.

13. We can increase the current strength by decreasing the resistance of the circuit.

14. The main task of this engineer is testing the equipment.

15. The students began conducting experiments on energy transmission over long distances.

II. Прочтите предложения, определив функцию причастия I, и пе­реведите предложения:

1. Testing the engine the engineer applied new methods.

2. X-rays are produced when matter is bombarded by a fast moving stream of negatively charged particles.

3. While working at this new device, the inventor made nu­merous improvements.

4. When working in the laboratory, the engineer obtained very important data for his future investigation.

5. Materials having a very high resistance are called insulators.

6. Conductors are materials having a low resistance, so that current easily passes through them.

7. All gases being poor conductors of electricity can be used as insulators.

8. When conducting a series of experiments for the improvement of space communication, scientists discovered some new phenomena.

TEXT

1. When a radio wave leaves a transmitting antenna, it travels in all directions. 2. One part of the signal travels along the ground and is called the ground wave. 3. The second part of the signal travels through the lower atmosphere in a direction parallel to the ground. 4. Another part travels at an angle to the ground. 5. The part travelling through the lower atmo­sphere is called the tropospheric wave; the part travelling at an angle to the ground — the ionospheric wave.

6. In the high-frequency part of the radio spectrum — 3—30 megacycles (mc) — the ground and tropospheric wave compo­nents travel short distances, not more than 25 or 30 miles. 7. The ionospheric wave component of the signal can travel to great distances, making long-distance short-wave communication possible.

8. While leaving the transmitting antenna, the ionospheric wave starts travelling and reaches a region called the iono­sphere. 9. This region begins at a height of about 60 miles above the ground. 10. On reaching the ionosphere, radio waves supply the free electrons of the region with electromagnetic energy. 11. As a result, the free electrons start vibrating and radiate this energy.

12. The ionosphere is formed primarily by ultraviolet radia­tion reaching it from the Sun. 13. As this radiation interacts with the gases in the upper atmosphere, these gases, which con­sist mainly of neutral molecules, absorb the ultraviolet energy, and in the process lose an electron. 14. This process leaves free electrons and positively charged gas molecules, which are called ions. 15. The formation of ions is called ionization.

16. The ionosphere has the property of bending radio waves and returning them to the ground at considerable distances from the point of transmission. 17. Bending may change the direction of the wave and it is returned to the ground at some distant point.

18. The ionosphere is not a single¹ region; it consists of several layers and the properties of these layers vary, depend­ing on many factors. 19. One of the layers, the F-layer², is of primary importance. 20. Most of the world’s long-distance high-frequency communication takes place by means of reflec­tion of radio waves from this region. 21. The F-layer is at the height of about 175 miles.

22. Radio signals from the F-layer may be returned to the ground at distances as great as 2,000 miles from the transmitter.

Пояснения к тексту

1. single — зд сплошной

2. the F-layer — слой F ионосферы

Слова для запоминания

п height [hait], layer

и bend (bent), interact, lose (lost), supply

a distant, low, upper

ado mainly.

Слова для повторения

п angle, direction, frequency, property, region

v change, consist, depend, leave (left), reach, take place, travel

a main

prep along, through .

УПРАЖНЕНИЯ

III. Прочтите предложения, определив функцию »-ing»-формы, и переведите предложения:

1. Leaving a transmitting antenna, a radio wave travels in all directions.

2. Part of the signal travelling along the ground is called the ground wave.

3. The ionosphere has the property of bending radio waves and returning them to the ground.

4. Bending radio waves changes the directionof thewave.

5. Obtaining new data on the waves travelling was necessary for future investigations.

6. Without using superconducting materials it was impos­sible to perfect this system operation.

7. Building a network of transmitting stations in that re­gion was of prime importance.

8. The transmitter operating on low frequencies was construc­ted by these students.

9. The scientists’ main task was studying ionospheric condi­tions.

10. Constructing simple radio-sets was followed by more complex devices using semiconductors.

11. After finishing the experiment scientists started discussing its results.

IV. Прочтите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание способы перевода причастия I в форме страдательного залога:

1. Being heated magnetized steel loses its magnetism.

2. The new measuring instrument being developed in this laboratory will be tested by that engineer.

3. The oscillations being produced in the antenna are weak.

4. New data being obtained are necessary for future investi­gations.

5. Being perfected the device operated successfully under all conditions.

6. The new receiver being tested will be used in this system.

7. Being equipped with modern instruments the laboratory carried out important experiments.

V. Прочтите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод степеней сравнения имен прилагательных:

1. The more the weight the object has, the more work we must do in order to lift it.

2. The greater the number offree electronsin any metal,the greater is its conductivity.

3. The greater the distancebetween the plates, the less isthe capacity of a capacitor.

4. The lower the resistanceof the material, the more currentcan pass through it.

5. The higher the resistance of an insulator, the greater the applied voltage must be.

6. The higher we go into the atmosphere, the less is its pressure.

7. The larger the size of the electrodes, the more current capacity they can supply.

8. The higher the temperature, the quickeris the reaction.

VI. * Укажите дробью антонимы: к каждому слову из левой колонки (числитель) подберите его антоним из правой (знаменатель):

VII. Прочтите и переведите сочетания слов:

1. at a great height; 2. at the height of 3 miles; 3. a thick layer; 4. a thin semiconductor layer; 5. to bend at right angle; 6. waves bending in the ionosphere; 7. to lose weight; 8. to lose electrons; 9. to supply considerable energy; 10. to supply modern equipment; 11. at low pressure; 12. at low frequency; 13. in the surrounding medium; 14. medium radio waves; 15. the main quality of the semiconductor; 16. to leave the atmosphere; 17. to leave the ground; 18. to change the direction of travel; 19. to move in upper layers of the atmosphere; 20. to consist mainly of neutral molecules

VIII. Прочтите и переведите предложения:

1. While improving the operation of the system, engineers used low weight equipment.

2. As a result, free electrons start vibrating and radiate much energy.

3. Measuring the temperature at various points was followed by studying its differences.

4. The first buildings housing the research laboratories have been constructed.

5. The ionosphere property of bending radio waves and re­turning them to the ground at considerable distances from the point of transmission was referred to in that text-book.

6. The properties of the ionosphere consisting of several layers depend upon many factors.

7. Electrons being negative move from lower to higher po­tential, that is from more negative to less negative.

8. Pressure is a very important parameter in investigating the atmosphere conditions.

9. The main task was supplying powerful energy sources for an orbital station.

10. The application of powerful relays resulting in better communication was the main subject of the discussion.

IX. Переведите, не пользуясь словарем:

Conductors

Conductors are materials having a low resistance, so that current easily passes through them. The lower the resistance of the material, the more current can pass through it.

The most common conductors are metals, and silverandcopper are the best of them. The advantage of copper is that it is much cheaper than silver. Thus, copper is widely used to produce wire conductors. One of the common functions of wire conductors is connecting voltage source to a load¹ resistance. Since copper wire conductors have a very low resistance a minimum voltage drop² is produced in them. Thus, all of the applied voltage can produce current in the load resistance.

Most materials change the value of resistance when their temperature changes.

Metals increase their resistance when the temperature increases while carbon decreases its resistance when the temperature increases. Thus, metals have a positive temperature coefficient of resistance while carbon has a negative temperature coefficient. The smaller is the temperature coefficient or the less the change of resistance with the change of temperature, the more perfect is the resistance material.

Пояснения к тексту

1. load—нагрузка

2. a drop — падение

X. Переведите, пользуясь словарем:

Special signals are sent out by the television transmitter in addition to the picture impulses. These special signals have the purpose of synchronizing the picture at the receiver with the picture that is picked up by the camera.

At the television receiver, the picture and audio signals are picked up simultaneously by a single antenna. The voltages induced in the receiving antenna are fed into the radio frequency stage of the receiver; and the picture carrier and the sound carrier are converted by superheterodyne conversion method into two separate intermediate frequency signals. One signal corresponds to the sound carrier and the other — to the video or picture carrier. Two separate intermediate frequency ampli­fier channels are employed, one for the picture signal and the other for the sound signal. The sound intermediate frequency signal is demodulated by a detector. After sufficient amplifi­cation by the audio amplifier, the sound signal is reproduced by the loudspeaker in the usual way.

The picture intermediate frequency signal is amplified by several stages having wide-band frequency characteristics and is then fed into the video (picture) detector, where the interme­diate frequency signal is then demodulated in the same manner as in an ordinary sound receiver. The video (picture) signal which appears in the output of the detector is then amplified in a video amplifier, which corresponds to the audio amplifier in a sound receiver, except that it must pass a much wider range of frequencies.

In place of the loudspeaker used in the sound system, a de­vice is used which converts the varying amplitude of the video signals into corresponding variations of light.

УРОК 3

МОДАЛЬНЫЕ ГЛАГОЛЫ И ИХ ЭКВИВАЛЕНТЫ

Особенности модальных глаголов:

1. Обозначают не действие, а отношение к действию.

2. Не имеют окончания –s в третьем лице ед.ч. настоящего времени группы Indefinite.

3. В предложении выполняют функцию вспомогательного глагола.

4. Следующий за ними смысловой глагол употребляется без частицы to.

5. Не имеют неличных форм (инфинитива, герундия, причастия), употребляются только в двух временных формах: Present Indefinite, Past Indefinite, глагол must – только в Present Indefinite.

ПРЕДТЕКСТОВЫЕ УПРАЖНЕНИЯ

I. Прочтите и переведите предложения, содержащие модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты:

1. The designers can always improve the operationof these receivers.

2. He could use any transmitter for this system.

3. The scientists are able to perfect this system operation due to the application of superconducting materials.

4. The designer was able to construct a new deviceby using semiconductors.

5. The engineers must test a new receiver for using it in this system.

6. We have to increase the current strength by decreasing the resistance of the circuit.

7. For improving the system operation the designer was to use low weight equipment.

8. Because of the electrical neutrality requirement, the space charge is to remain constant.

9. The engineers were to investigate new means of radio communication.

10. After finishingthe experiment the scientistswill have to discuss the results.

11. The students didn’t have to conduct experiments in this field of science.

12. They didn’t have to analyse these data.

13. We may say that photoelectric properties of transistors are largely used in TV sets.

14. The students might use all the laboratory equipment.

15. The students were allowed to show all the automatic devices.

16. The students will be allowed to conduct this experiment in the laboratory.

II. Прочтите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на способы перевода инфинитива в страдательном залоге после модальных глаголов и их эквивалентов:

1. Electrolysis may be defined as a process by which a che­mical reaction is carried out.

2. The mass may often be defined as the quantity of matter remaining constant everywhere.

3. When the forces act in the same direction, the resultant can be found by adding the applied forces.

4. The energy which has to be supplied by the generatororbattery is transformed into heat within the conductor.

5. The frequency of an oscillator is to be kept constant by means of an oscillating crystal.

6. To detect very weak radio signals a directional antenna and a highly sensitive radio receiver are to be used.

7. A number of scientific problems were to be solved in con­nection with the construction of a network of electrotransmission lines.

III. Прочтите предложения, определив функцию причастия II, и переведите предложения:

1. The oscillations produced in the antenna are weak.

2. The antenna receives only a small part of energyradiated by the transmitter.

3. Negatively charged ions are attracted to theanode; posi­tively charged ions are attracted to the cathode.

4. The results obtained are of great importance.

5. The constructed transmitter operated onvarious frequen­cies.

6. If arranged according to their atomic weights, the elements show the periodicity of their properties.

7. When heated, magnetized steel will lose its magnetism.

8. When produced in one tube, minimum grid voltage is produced in the other tube.

9. Placed in a different surrounding medium the device ope­rates differently.

TEXT

CONVERTERS

1. А unique approach for converting heat directly into electricity is the nuclear thermionic converter. 2. Such conver­ters consist of a heated emitter of electrons, a collector, and a gas (that becomes a plasma when ionized) between the elec­trodes. 3. The main problem with conventional converters is that the gas used is highly corrosive. 4. Also, this gas tends to make the passage of electrons difficult. 5. One of the Ameri­can laboratories has produced a nuclear converter that elimina­tes these drawbacks. 6. In this converter, uranium is used in the emitter. 7. When bombarded by neutrons from a reactor, the uranium undergoes fission. 8. As a result, the high-energy particles heat the emitter to a much lower temperature than in other converters and, at the same time, produce the plasma by ionizing the gas. 9. Electrons have to flow readily from the emitter to the collector of the unit.

10. The development of a cell which has to convert nuclear energy directly into electricity has been made by General Mo­tors. 11. It is called a liquid metal cell, and it may produce energy by collecting the electrical charges given off by the reaction of one liquid metal with another — in contrast with con­ventional storage batteries whose energy is produced by the action of acid upon the metal. 12. The cell is able to produce a larger proportion of its full theoretical power than normal storage batteries due to the greater conductivity of its molten¹ salt electrolyte and the quicker reaction rates of the metals with salts. 13. A liquid metal cell in the form of a one-foot cube can produce 11 kilowatts compared with 1¹/₂ kilowatts obtainable from storage batteries of the same dimensions. 14. In converting nuclear energy to electricity the cell has to form a part of a regenerative cycle which can work for long periods using the heat of a nuclear reactor. 15. The heat of the reactor separates the metals since their melting points differ appreciably. 16. When the metals recombine in the cell, a reac­tion occurs producing an electric current. 17. As heating is continued the system will produce electricity. 18. A cell of this type operates continuously for 60 hours.

Пояснение к тексту

1. molten — расплавленный

Слова для запоминания

п acid, approach, cell, dimension, drawback, fission, passage, storage battery

v approach, convert, eliminate, give off, separate, undergo (underwent, undergone)

a obtainable, separate, unique

prep since

cj since

Слова для повторения

n unit

v compare, differ

ado continuously, readily

УПРАЖНЕНИЯ

IV. Прочтите предложения, замените модальный глагол соответ­ствующим эквивалентом из двух, данных в скобках, и переведите предложения:

1. The scientistsmust separate these fission products (are able to, have to).

2. The designer canchange the dimension of this cell (is able to, is to).

3. The students can obtain interesting data on waves tra­velling (are able to, are to).

4. Electronsmust flow fromthe emitterto the collector ofthe unit (are allowed to, have to).

5. This cell could convert nuclear energy directly into elec­tricity (was to, was able to).

6. This plant must produce 4 million TV sets (is to, is able to).

7. The cell can work for long periods using the heat of a nuc­lear reactor (has to, is able to).

V. Прочтите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на способы перевода причастия II:

1. The operation of the receiving stationinfluenced by a number of factors was discussed by engineers.

2. The generation of electricity from magnetism dealt with by Faraday was a very important scientific discovery.

3. The work of Rutherford followed by great research work of other scientists was of great help for understanding many natural phenomena.

4. Gagarin’s first space flight followed by manyothers wasvery important for the development of astronautics.

5. Molecules of even a good insulator acted upon byan elec­tric field produce a motion of electrons due to the field.

6. Some drawbacks of the reactor referred to in this article will be eliminated.

7. The dimensions of the body referred to in that text-book will be used in our experiment.

VI. * Прочтите предложения, определив функции выделенных слов, и переведите предложения:

1. The indications obtained increased with the voltageinduced.

2. The experimentcarried out resulted in the improvement of all parts of the system.

3. Whenused in this medium the transmitteroperated success­fully.

4. By collecting the electrical chargesreleased by the reac­tion of one liquid metal with another the cellproduced energy.

5. The scientistscompared the resultsobtained by various laboratory-assistants.

6. Some convertersused the energyreleased from fission.

7. Analysis showed that the speed of conversion depended on many factors.

8. The capsuleseparated landed successfully in a given region.

VII. * Укажите дробью синонимы: к каждому слову из левов колонки (числитель) подберите его синоним из правой (знаменатель):

VIII. * Прочтите и переведите сочетания слов:

1. a strong acid; 2. great dimensions; 3. a small storage batte­ry; 4. to undergo fission; 5. unique properties of the cell; 6. given off energy; 7. a scientific approach; 8. a powerful converter; 9. the main drawback; 10. the eliminated drawback; 11. storage battery properties; 12. readily reacting with an acid

IX. Переведите, не пользуясь словарем:

Electrolysis

Electrolysis is a process by which a chemical reaction is carried out by means of the passage of an electric current. The electrical energy enters and leaves the electrolytic medium through electrodes, which ordinarily are pieces¹ of metal. The electrode where electrons enter the solution is the cathode; the electrode where the electrons leave is the anode. Negati­vely charged ions (anions) are attracted to the anode; posi­tively charged ions (cations) are attracted to the cathode.

The process is generally used as a method of depositing² metals from solution.

The relation between the quantity of material undergoing reaction and the quantity of electricity usedin this reaction was discovered by Faraday.

Пояснения к тексту

1. pieces— кусочки

2. depositing—осаждения, выделения

X. Переведите, пользуясь словарем:

Control Systems

Electronics is being used more and more to control indust­rial processes, particularly where the speed of a motor has to be accurately controlled. One big advantage is that valves, unlike relays, have no moving parts, no contacts to shatter or burn, and practically no inertia; and their speed of operation is very much greater. Two special types of valves, known as «thyrotrons» and «ignitrons» are generally used for motor control.

A thyrotron is a gas-filled triode, whose gas ionizes when the grid voltage rises above a certain value. «Ionization» is a scientific term for «knocking spots off atoms». An atom con­sists roughly of a positive nucleus at the centre with a number of negative electrons around it. It is electrically neutral, because the positive nucleus balances the negative electrons. But if an atom loses an electron, this balance no longer holds, and it becomes positively charged. It is then known as a «positive ion.»

In the thyrotron, an electron emitted from the hot cathode collides with a gas molecule and we have two free electrons and a positive ion; all tend to collide with other gas molecules. These chain effects soon fill the tube with positive ions which make nice conductors, and a current can flow between cathode and anode. Neon lamps, mercury and sodium vapour street lamps and fluorescent tubes are examples of ionization.

Unlike hard valves, a thyrotron once conducting cannot be cut off by reducing the grid voltage alone, it is necessary to drop or remove the anode supply voltage in order to allow the valve to deionize. It has one great advantage, however, in that it can handle very much larger currents, than vacuum valves. This is why it is used for motor control.

УРОК 4

The output — на выходе

The current capacity — пропускная способность

X. Переведите, пользуясь словарем:

Electronic Computing Machines

Before describing electronic machines it is useful to con­sider computing machines in general. There are two main classes of computing equipment known respectively as analogue and digital machines. In analogue machines numbers are represen­ted by physical quantities such as the angular rotation of a shaft or the current in a resistor, the numbers being the measu­res¹ of those physical quantities. Examples of analogue machi­nes are the planimeter, the differential analyser, resistance network², etc.

Because they are dependent on the accuracy of physical measurements, analogue machines are strictly limited in regard to the precision of which they are capable. Even with a well designed planimeter, for example, it is difficult to calculate areas to more than four significant figures. For most physical problems this does not constitute a severe restriction and a far more serious limitation of analogue machines is that they are, in general, special purpose devices.

It is known that digital machines, on the other hand, work directly with numbers in digital form and are capable of perform­ing exactly the fundamental operations of arithmetic, addition and subtraction, and usually also multiplication and division.

Пояснения к тексту

1. the measures — зд значения

2. network — зд расчетная схема

УРОК 5

THE INFINITIVE

ФОРМЫ

ФУНКЦИИ

ПРЕДТЕКСТОВЫЕ УПРАЖНЕНИЯ

I. Прочтите и переведите предложения. Дайте два варианта пере­вода инфинитива в функции подлежащего:

1. То isolate the metal plates was the student’s task.

2. To create a powerful energy source was of prime impor­tance for a constructor.

3. To provide a high potential is not easy.

4. To determine the volume of a gas at a definite tempera­ture is very easy.

5. To prove this law experimentally is very difficult.

6. To test a new receiver for the application in this system was the main task of the laboratory.

7. To test the equipment is possible only under vacuum conditions.

8. To raise the cathode temperature means increasing the number of emitted electrons.

9. To obtain new data on the wave travelling was necessary for future investigations.

10. To build a network of transmitting stationsin that re­gion was of prime importance.

II. Прочтите и переведите предложения. Дайте два варианта пере­вода инфинитива в функции именной части составного сказуемого:

1. The student’s task was to study the propertiesof this substance.

2. The task is to provide low pressure.

3. The main aim of the designers is to improve TV communica­tion over long distances.

4. The problem is to find materials which are not sensitive to light.

5. The purposeof the experiment is to convert heat directly to electricity.

6. The object of this system is to provide a powerful energy supply.

TEXT

RADIO ELECTRONICS IN SPACE

1. The formula «radio electronics = radio electronics» provides us with a good example of fruitful cooperation. 2. To work successfully in any field of science now means to know the fundamentals of radio electronics. 3. A physician has to know the properties of high frequency currents, a mathemati­cian — the properties of fast-acting computers, an astronomer— the properties of radio-telescopes, a physicist — the properties of charged particles. 4. Without radio electronics it is impo­ssible to develop cybernetics, astronautics and nuclear physics. 5. Much attention is now given to the frequency stability of generators — the heart of all radio transmitting systems. 6. To establish reliable contact with Mars, the frequency con­trol must be within billionths of a per cent. 7. The role of «elec­trical pendulum» which sets the frequency of oscillations in highly stable generators is performed by a plate of crystalline quartz. 8. Like the string of a musical instrument, this plate can be tuned to a definite frequency. 9. The thinner the plate, the higher the frequency is. 10. The thinnest plates give a frequency of scores of mcps (millions of oscillations per second). 11. The super-high frequencies used in cosmic communication are of hundreds and thousands of mcps. 12. To use special multi­pliers means to achieve such frequencies. 13. Ordinarily it is a chain of valve or transistor stages, each containing a score of parts. 14. This increases the size of еquiрment, rеquirеs morepower and results in reduced reliability. 15. To solve the prob­lem of high frequencies another way out has been foud 16. The oscillations of quartz may be induced not on the main frequency, but on its harmonic overtones¹. 17. One of the biggest problems is to «tame»² overtones in transistor generators, that is where they are most necessary. 18. The frequency «ceiling» for them is usually 100 mcps. 19. The generator used, for instance, in the instrumentation of the US artificial Earth satellites «Van­guard» and «Explorer», had a frequency of 108 mcps. 20. The generator, produced in Odessa, has a frequency of 300 mcps. 21. It is shock-proof, damp-proof and operates reliably in heat or cold.

Пояснения к тексту

1. overtones — обертоны

2. to » tame» — зд. создать

Слова для запоминания

n computer

v achieve, compute, perform, tune

a artificial, fruitful, reliable

Слова для повторения

n control, property

v establish, find (found), mean (meant), provide, require, set (set)

a definite,thin

prep within

УПРАЖНЕНИЯ

III. * Прочтите предложения, укажите номера предложений, в ко­торых инфинитив является подлежащим, и переведите все предло­жения:

1. То eliminate this counterflow was the task of the student.

2. To eliminate this counterflow, a third grid was placed bet­ween the plate and the screen grid and connected to the cathode.

3. To produce negative electrodes iron and zinc plates are used.

4. To produce negative electrodes was the first task of the engineer.

5. To conduct a series of experiments for the improvement of space communication is the first step in solving this problem.

6. To conduct a series of experiments on these substances the engineers studied the results of some other experiments.

7. To work in this field of science was the task of the engi­neer.

8. To work successfully in this field of science the student has to know the fundamentals of electrical engineering.

IV. Прочтите и переведите предложения:

1. The assistant is to perform all theseoperations.

2. The task of the laboratory is toperform all these opera­tions in a short period of time.

3. The operator was to tune the receiverto a definite fre­quency.

4. The problem was to tune the receiver to a definite fre­quency.

5. The function of this device was to compute all these quan­tities.

6. According to the programme the device was to compute all these quantities in a very short period of time.

7. The aim of the scientists was to investigate the operation of space communication systems.

8. The engineer was to investigate the properties of super­conducting materials under various conditions.

V. Прочтите и переведите группы слов:

1. the communication establishment; 2. communication establishment possibilities; 3. long-distance communication establishment possibilities; 4. low temperature physics; 5. low temperature physics investigations; 6. a transmission line; 7. the transmission line efficiency; 8. electrical control systems; 9. automatic control systems; 10. artificial radio-activity pro­perties; 11. artificial radio-activity properties investigations; 12. a great energy source; 13. the electric power consumption; 14. semiconductor quantum generators; 15. light wave energy; 16. super-speed computers; 17. radio frequency quantum gene­rators

VI. * Укажите дробью синонимы и синонимичные выражения;

к каждому слову (сочетанию) из левой колонки (числитель) подберите его синоним из правой (знаменатель):

1. source

2. to create

3. to supply

4. external

5. to compute

6. to perform

7. man-made

8. to affect

9. provided

10. to take into account

11. to obtain

1. to calculate

2. to make

3. artificial

4. to get .

5. a supply

6. to take into consideration

7. to influence

8. to construct

9. if

10. outer

11. to provide

VII. * Укажите дробью антонимы: к каждому слову из левой колонки (числитель) подберите его антоним из правой (знаменатель):

1. to separate 1. natural

2. internal 2. a transmitter

3. visible 3. high

4. reliable 4. to connect

5. artificial 5. unreliable

6. fruitful 6. thick

7. thin 7. external

8. to giveoff 8. to take

9. unique 9. close [s]

10. distant 10. invisible

11. low 11. fruitless

12. a receiver 12. commo

VIII. * Прочтите и переведите сочетания слов:

1. a reliable insulator;2. to create a reliable insulator; 3. artificial radioactivity; 4. artificial admixtures; 5. a fruit­ful discussion; 6. a fruitful cooperation. 7. to establish reliable contact; 8. to set the indicator to zero; 9. to set the required frequency; 10. to tune a radio-set to a low frequency; 11. to tune a receiver to the required frequency; 12. to contain a score of parts; 13. thin films; 14. the system control; 15. the compu­ters control; 16. within this region; 17. within this voltage; 18. to achieve good results; 19. to achieve high reliability; 20. to find the difference in pressure; 21. to find unique proper­ties

IX. Прочтите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на способы перевода независимого причастного оборота:

1. The fundamentals of electricity are the fundamentals of electronics, both being branches of physics.

2. The condenser being placed in a direct current circuit, the current will stop flowing.

3. The velocity, length and frequency of the wave are inde­pendent of each other, the frequency being equal to the velocity divided by the wave-length.

4. The size of the electrodes being increased, the current capacity also increases, the voltage output remaining the same.

X. Переведите, не пользуясь словарем:

Capacitors¹

A capacitor is one of the main elements of a circuit. It is used to store² electric energy. A capacitor stores electric energy provided that a voltage source is applied to it. The main parts of a capacitor are metal plates and insulators. The function of insulators is to isolate the metal plates and in this way to pre­vent³ a short⁴. There are two common types of capacitors nowa­days: a fixed capacitor and a variable capacitor. The plates of a fixed capacitor cannot be moved; for the reason⁵ its capacity does not change. The plates of a variable capacitor moving, its capacity changes. The greater the distance between the plates, the less is the capacity of a capacitor. Variable capaci­tors are commonly used by radiomen; their function is to change the frequency in the circuit. Fixed capacitors are applied in tele­phone and radio work. Fixed capacitors have insulators produ­ced of paper, ceramics and other materials; variable capacitors have air insulators. Paper capacitors are commonly used in ra­dio and electronics; their advantage⁶ is their high capacity; it may be higher than 1,000 picofarad.

Пояснения к тексту

1. Capacitors — Конденсаторы

2. to store — хранить, накапливать

3. to prevent — предотвратить

4. a short — короткое замыкание

5. for the reason — по этой причине

6. advantage — преимущество

XI. Переведите, пользуясь словарем:

The Incandescent Lamp

The first incandescent lamp for practical use was made in 1872 by a Russian inventor Alexander Lodygin. In his lamp he fixed a small carbon rod of about 2 mm in diameter between two copper conductors. To protect the rod from burning was of prime importance. For this purpose the lamp’s air envelope was evacuated. Vacuum at the time, however, was not perfect and as a result Lodygin’s first lamps were short-lived, their lifebeing measured in hours.

Lodygin made his first lamps with a metal filament using for the purpose metals with high melting point, such as tung­sten, molybdenum, osmium. A few years later Thomas Edison, the American inventor, improved lamps with a metal filament. In particular he suggested providing lamps with a screw-type base and invented the lamp holder, the switch and other ele­ments of the lighting network.

Today the filament of an incandescent lamp is twisted into a spiral. The melting point of tungsten being 3,300°, it can be heated to 3,000⁰. At this temperature, however, tungsten begins to evaporate energetically, the filament becomes thinner until it finally burns through. To avoid rapid evaporation of tung­sten, lamps today are filled with chemically inert gas, i. e., argon or krypton.

To connect the lamp to a circuit, it is screwed into a holder. Its spring contact comes into contact with the lamp base and its screw thread holds the lamp in the proper position.

Industry manufactures incandescent lamps for 220 and 127 V (for lighting networks), 50 V (for railway wagons), 12 and 6 V (for motor-cars), 3.5 and 2.5 V (for pocket torches).

УРОК 6

ПРЕДТЕКСТОВЫЕ УПРАЖНЕНИЯ

I. Прочтите и переведите предложения. Содержащие инфинитив в функции определения:

1. The designer must test the system to be used in the labo­ratory.

2. Cells to be connected in parallel should be of the same type and voltage.

3. The method of qualitative analysis to be used depends on the nature of the substances to be analyzed.

4. The engineers have been given the design of a new trans­former to be considered next week.

5. The students selected all the units to be used in the expe­riment.

6. A voltmeter is a device to be used for measuring the po­tential difference between any two points in a circuit.

7. When the currents to be measured are very small, you should use a galvanometer.

8. The task of the scientists is to construct powerful relays to be used in the communication satellites.

9. The scientists should know all the characteristics of a new atomic reactor to be constructed in this region.

10. The computer to be used for performing these operations was designed in Minsk.

11. The students must know all fundamental designs to be applied in radio engineering.

12. The station to be used for this purpose performs various functions.

13. The transmitter to be constructed will operate on various frequencies.

II. * Прочтите предложения, укажите номера предложений, в которых слово “one” является подлежащим, и переведите все предложения:

1. One knows that the production of TV sets in the USSR has greatly increased.

2. The second receiver was more powerful than the first one.

3. A secondary cell is one which can be charged again.

4. The induced charge is always the opposite of the inducing one.

5. This d-c supply is more powerful than that one.

6. An isotropic medium is one whose properties are the same in all directions.

7. The results of these experiments are much better than those of the previous ones.

8. One can obtain hydrogen by decomposing water electrolysis.

9. One considers that the results of the experiment are of great importance for the future development of radio engine­ering.

10. While carrying out this experiment, one should take all these factors into consideration.

11. When the current is small, one should use a galvano­meter.

12. One knows that the electric cell is a device for convert­ing chemical energy into electrical one.

13. To measure the value of power one is to use a wattmeter.

14. One should know that a farad is a very large unit.

15. The devices that are identical with those described above will be used in this experiment.

16. This machine is more powerful than that operating in our laboratory.

17. The physics of bodies at rest is much simpler than that of bodies in motion.

18. We must use the methods that will be more efficient.

III. Прочитайте слова и группы слов:

important things, important problems; an engine, an engi­neer ^endgi’ma], engineering, electrical engineering; (to) con­sider, considering engineering problems, considerable voltage, considerably, consideration, to take into consideration; ampere t’aempea], ampere turns; ammeter [‘aemita]; a source, energy sources; armature fccmatjug], armature coil, a rotating armature coil, through the armature coil; (to) measure, measure­ment, a measuring Instrument; proportion, proportional, pro­portional to the. current flowing through the armature coil; actual [‘aektjual], in actual use [s], actual measurements, actually.

TEXT

METERS

1. One of the important things that an engineer should take into consideration is «how much?». 2. How much current is this circuit carrying? 3. What is the value of voltage in the circuit? 4. What is the value of resistance? 5. In fact, to mea­sure the current and the voltage is not difficult at all. 6. One should connect an ammeter or a voltmeter to the circuit and read off the amperes and the volts.

7. The ammeter is used to measure the value of current. 8. When the ammeter is used, the circuit should be opened at one point and the terminals of the meter should be connected to it. 9. One should take into consideration that the positive terminal of the meter is connected to the positive terminal of the source; the negative terminal — to the negative terminal of the source.

10. The ammeter should be connected in series. 11. The rea­dings on the scale show the measured value.

12. Common ammeters for d-c measurements are the amme­ters of the magneto-electric system. 13. In an ammeter of this type an armature coil rotates between the poles of a permanent magnet; but the coil turns only through a small angle. 14. The greater the current in the coil, the greater is the force, and, therefore, the greater the angle of rotation of the armature. 15. The deflection is measured by means of a pointer connected to the armature and the scale of the meter reads directly in amperes.

16. When the currents to be measured are very small, one should use a galvanometer. 17. Some galvanometers detect and measure currents as small as 10^-11 of an ampere per 1 mm of the scale.

18. A voltmeter is a device to be used for measuring the po­tential difference between any two points in a circuit. 19. The voltmeter has armatures that move when an electric current is sent through their coils. 20. The deflection, like that of an ammeter, is proportional to the current flowing through the ar­mature coil.

21. A voltmeter must have a very high resistance since it passes only very small currents which will not disturb the rest of the circuit. 22. An ammeter, on the other hand, must have a low resistance, since all the current must pass through it. 23. In actual use the ammeter is placed in series with the circuit, while the voltmeter is placed in parallel with that part of the circuit where the voltage is to be measured.

24. In addition to instruments for measuring current and voltage, there are also devices for measuring electric power and energy.

Слова для запоминания

n armature, coil, deflection, rest, scale, series, terminal

v carry, disturb, read off

a permanent

prep in addition to

Слова для повторения

n angle, point, source

v point out, send (sent) through, turn

a actual, common

prep through, by means of

УПРАЖНЕНИЯ

IV. Прочтите и переведите предложения:

1. New methods are to be used in testing the equipment.

2. New methods to be used in testing the equipment will be very efficient.

3. The operator is to use new methods in testing the equip­ment.

4. The transistors to be produced must be of small size and weight.

5. The engineers are to construct transistors which will be of small size and weight.

6. The student’s task was to construct a simple transistor.

7. He is to tune the receiver to a definite frequency.

8. The receiver to be tuned to a definite frequency will ope­rate very well.

9. To tune the receiver to a definite frequency was the first task of the operator.

10. To tune the receiver to a definite frequency you should turn a switch.

11. This receiver is to be tuned to a definite frequency.

12. The problem of flight control is to be finally solved.

13. To solve the problem of flight control is the designers’ prime task.

14. The problem to be solved will help designers in construc­ting control systems.

15. To solve the problem of flight control the engineer has to take many factors into consideration.

V.* Прочтите, укажите номер формы, соответствующей каждому предложению, и переведите предложения:

1. There are many problems… in order to understand these phenomena (1. are solved; 2. to be solved; 3. are to solve).

2. The quantities to be measured… in this experiment (1. are to use; 2. to be used; 3. will be used).

3. The substances… are very sensitive, to light (1, are used; 2. are to used; 3. to be used).

4. The engineers… powerful amplifiers to be used at this plant (1. to construct; 2. are to construct; 3. to be constructed).

5. The experiment… at our laboratory is to give interesting data (1. is to carry out; 2. to be carried out; 3. to carry out).

6. The oscillations… in the antenna are weak (1. are to be produced; 2. to be produced; 3. to produce).

VI. Прочтите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на различные функции слова “turn”:

1. The body turns around the axis.

2. The first coil has more turns than the second one.

3. The primary coil is connected to the voltage source, the secondary coil in its turn is connected to the load resistance and supplies energy to the load.

4. In case the secondary coil has more turns than the pri­mary one, the output voltage is greater than the input voltage.

5. The number of turns of the coil depends on its function,

6. When the tube operates, the cathode emits electrons; the plate in its turn collects them and the grid controls the electrons flow.

VII. * Определите по суффиксам, к каким частям речи относятся слова, и переведите их:

1. deflector; 2. deflection; 3. reflector; 4. reflection; 5. de­tector; 6. detection; 7. armature; 8. curvature; 9. disturbance; 10. importance; 11. actual; 12. natural; 13. mutual; 14. measurement; 15. improvement; 16. establishment; 17. requirement; 18. connection; 19. definition; 20. determination; 21. conversion; 22. excursion

VIII. * Прочтите и переведите сочетания слов:

1. a deflecting pointer; 2. the deflection of rays; 3. to point the direction; 4. a point on the diagram; 5. a thermometer’s scale; 6. readings of the scale; 7. actual readings of the scale; 8. negative terminals; 9. connected with negative terminals; 10. to disturb the reception; 11. to disturb radio communication; 12; air disturbances; 13. a turning armature; 14. an iron armature; 15. a magnetic coil; 16. through this distance; 17. through the field; 18. turns of a coil

IX. Прочтите и переведите предложения:

1. The length of the antenna should be such that it will ope­rate on its fundamental wave-length.

2. When the ammeter is used, the circuit should be opened at one point and the terminals of the meter should be connected to it.

3. A rheostat is used to change the resistance of circuits, and in this way to vary the value of current.

4. The most common way of converting sound into electricity is to use a crystal microphone or a ceramic one.

5. To determine the volume of a gas at a definite temperature is not difficult.

6. One should know that voltage applied to your body may result in an electric shock.

7. The value of the resistance to be used will depend on the amount of plate current that passes through the rectifier.

8. To convert heat directly into electricity was the main purpose.

9. The amount of energy to be released by this radioactive material will be easily calculated.

10. The property of a quartz crystal is to change its dimen­sions under the^: influence of electricity.

11. To determine the parameters of the upper atmosphere was the main purpose of investigation.

12. The students had to make an armature and use it in the laboratory experiment.

13. One should know that a resistor is one of the most common elements of any circuit.

14. The sensitivity of a new radio-set is better than that of an old one.

X. * Укажите дробью номер вопроса (числитель) и номер предложения из текста, которое является ответом на него (знаменатель):

1. How should the ammeter be connected?

2. What is a voltmeter?

3. Why must a voltmeter have a very high resistance?

4. What resistance must an ammeter have?

5. For what purpose is the ammeter used?

6. What do the readings on the scale of the ammeter show?

7. How is the deflection of the ammeter measured?

8. In what way is the ammeter placed with the circuit in actual use?

XI. Переведите, не пользуясь словарем:

To convert heat directly into electricity was one of the main tasks of scientists. The usual way was to produce electricity by means of generators and get their power from steam¹ or water turbines. Now the generator converting heat directly into elec­tricity has been developed. It is small in size and can produce only a small amount of energy. One can use this generator as a source of power for instruments carried in earth satellites. The generator weighs 2.3 kg, it has a diameter of 12 cm and a height of 14 cm. It can convert radiation from a radio-active material — Polonium 210— into heat, equivalent to 5 watts of electricity. It has no moving parts and operates by means of thermo-couples². A thermo-couple is made up of semiconduc­tors (two different metals that are good conductors of electricity but bad conductors of heat). To produce current one should heat these two metals and connect a wire to the two open ends³. The amount of energy to be released by a radio-active material is calculated in terms of half-lives.

Polonium 210 has a half-life of 140 days. It means that at the end of 140 days the radio-activity of polonium decreases, and the electrical power produced by it decreases, too, from 5 watts to 3 watts. Many other radio-active materials can be used instead of⁵ polonium.

Пояснения к тексту

1. steam — пар

2. thermo-couples — термо-пары

3. open ends — неизолированные концы

4. half-lives — периоды полураспада

5. instead of — вместо

XII. Переведите, пользуясь словарем:

Portable Reactors

Nuclear scientists all over the world devote much time to the problem of making reactors lighter and more compact than those which we have now. This is especially important for the countries with big and sparsely populated Arctic regions. To supply diesel oil to the remote Arctic station is very difficult. To provide such Arctic stations with a source of light and heat, the scientists have made the Low Power Reactor. This reactor supplies enough energy to light 300 cottages or heat 30 cottages. It is a highly specialized reactor. Instead of producing heat that goes to a turbogenerator, this reactor produces steam in its own core. The Low Power Reactor is made portable because it is intended for use at remote stations. Its components to be easily taken apart and reassembled are light in weight. It is a simple matter to fly the reactor parts to any place and then assemble them where the reactor is to be used.

Faster Than Light

The theoretical forecast made by the physicists on the transparency of particles and their capability to pass through each other has been confirmed on the accelerator of atomic par­ticles in Serpukhov, a town near Moscow. The accelerator made it possible to study the nature of the interrelated nuclear forces between two protons. It appears that they cause the particles to repulse one another, i. e., to act like an electric field. The physicists are of the opinion that the Serpukhov accelerator will help them to find out whether there is a possibility of the existence of a signal which could spread faster than light.

УРОК 7

ПРЕДТЕКСТОВЫЕ УПРАЖНЕНИЯ

I. Прочтите предложения, укажите в них оборот “падеж с инфинитивом» и переведите предложения:

а) 1. We know scientists to study this problem.

2. We believe them to investigate this phenomenon.

3. Every student knows two kinds of electric charges to exist.

4. The teacher expected him to make this experiment successfully.

5. M. Curie found the atomic weight of radium to be 226.

6. Maxwell found the speed of propagation of electromagne­tic waves to be equal to the ratio of electromagnetic to the elec­trostatic units of charge.

7. The engineers have shown this substance to be unique in its properties.

8. We consider nuclear energy to be the prime source of heat energy.

9. The workers expect the designers to improve the operation of these receivers.

10. The engineers assumed the cell to work for long periods using the heat of nuclear reactor.

11. He knew the value of voltage to be the same in all the elements of a parallel circuit.

12. We want them to compare the results of the experiments in time.

13. The designer wanted the receiver to be highly sensitive.

b) 1. We believe this system to be tested in our laboratory.

2. Every student knows an insulator to be called a dielectric.

3. He considers this device to be made on semiconductors.

4. The engineers wanted this phenomenon to be investigated in their laboratory.

5. Scientists expect microminiaturization to be widely used in future.

II. * Прочтите предложения, укажите номера предложений, в которых инфинитив употреблен без частицы «to», и переведите все предложения:

1. The students watched the engineer make the experiment.

2. The teacher wanted all the students to take these factors into consideration.

3. We saw the motors run at a very high speed.

4. We think them to work at the problem of reliability.

5. They noticed the airplane approach.

6. The engineer heard the workers discuss a new design.

III. Прочтите слова и группы слов:

cycle [‘saikl], cyclotron ; (to) accelerate accelerator, the simplest and the oldest type of accelerator; circle, circular, a circular path, semicircular electrodes; to push [u], a constant inward push; (to) guide [gaidj, guiding, guidance, a guidance system; a curve, curva­ture, the curvature of the circular path; (to) cause , to cause the circular path; exact [ig’zaekt], exactly, exactness; to inject , injected into the vessel, injecting with great speed; linear , a linear accelerator; to synchronize a synchronizer, synchronous , a synch­ronous motor, synchrotron, synchrotron of a new type; to increase [m’kri:s], an increase [‘mkri:s]; to decrease [di:’kri:s], a decrease [‘di:kri:s]

TEXT

CYCLOTRON AND SYNCHROTRON

1. We know the cyclotron to be the simplest and oldest type of accelerator, 2. One knows each ion to whirl inside two semi­circular electrodes, getting an electric push when it passes from one to the other.3. A vertical magnetic field provides a con­stant inward push, holds the ion in a circular path and guides it back to the gap between the electrodes, where it is given another electrical push 4The velocity of the ion becomes greater, and as a result of its inertia the curvature of the circular path caused by a magnetic field becomes larger The time taken to cross a full circle is the same no matter how big the radius, because the increase in speed compensates for the increase in path-length per turn. 6. Now if the voltage across the electrode oscillates rapidly, and if its period is adjusted so that it exactly corresponds to the period of revolution of the ions, then the ions will be pushed in the right direction at the right time at each crossing of the gap between electrodes, the energy of the ions will increase until their path takes them to the edge of the magnetic field where they can be used in the form of a beam. 7.We suppose electrons in a synchrotron to travel on a circular orbit inside a narrow vacuum vessel. 8. At one point in the vessel is a pair of accelerating electrodes across which there is an oscillating voltage like that in a cyclotron .9. A ring shaped magnet surrounding the vessel produces a field which makes the particles travel on orbits close to the centre of the tube 10We expect the electrons to be injected into the vessel from a smaller linear accelerator at an energy of about 2 mega-electron-volts (mev). 11. At this energy their speed is some 98 per cent of that of light 12. If the magnetic field of the syn­chrotron is increased continuously, the energy of the electrons will also increase continuously; the electrons will receive energy at the right rate to keep them on the central or synchronous orbit. 13. The constructors believe the synchrocyclotron to work in the same way as a synchrotron but it is shaped like a cyclo­tron.

Пояснение к тексту

1. no matter how big the radius — каким бы большим ни был радиус

Слова для запоминания

n beam, curvature, vessel

v adjust, correspond, cross, guide, inject, push

a circular, close, linear, narrow

adv exactly, rapidly

cj until

Слова для повторения

n cause, path, shape

v cause, hold (held), keep (kept), make smb. (smth.) do smth., shape, surround

IV. Прочтите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод оборота «объектный падеж с инфинитивом»:

1. The engineers consider the cyclotron to be the simplest and oldest type of accelerator.

2. We believe electrons in a synchrotron to travel on a circular orbit inside a narrow vacuum vessel.

3. The designers may expect the electrons to be injected into the vessel from a smaller linear accelerator.

4. They supposed the greater part of energy to be used for supplying plants in that region.

5. We saw the dimension of the body change under different temperature conditions.

6. Any student must know a voltmeter to be used for measuring the potential difference between any two points in a circuit.

7. Engineers think these cables to disturb the reception.

8. We thought these superconductive materials to be pro­duced in M.

9. The designers assume the system operation to be improv­ed as a result of replacing some of its parts.

V. Прочтите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на особенности перевода пассивных конструкций:

1. The velocity of chemical change is greatly influenced both by temperature and by the concentration of the solutions.

2. The deflection of beams is influenced both by field intensity and by other factors.

3. The curvature of the circular path was affected by a magnetic field.

4. Simple particle accelerators were followed by more powerful ones.

5. Experimental application of radioisotopes was followed by their industrial use.

6. The circular orbits were referred to as the most suitable for this purpose.

7. The advantages of synchrotrons were much spoken about at the research institute.

VI. * Прочтите предложения, укажите номера предложений, в ко­торых выделенные слова являются глагольными формами, и переведите все предложения:

1. A vertical magnetic field provided a constant inward push and held the ion in a circular path.

2. The change in volume of a fixed quantity of a gas is equal to 1/273 provided the pressure is constant.

3. The engineers had to find the cause of the motor bad operation.

4. A physical change may cause a temporary change of some properties of a substance.

5. The amount of heat released as a result of explosion was very great.

6. The total weight of radium produced up to 1940amounted to about one kilogram.

7. The shape of the thermistors is determined by many factors.

8. Very often a thermistor isshaped like a ball.

9. We knew the power of first cyclotrons to be very small.

10. Light energy is used to power spaceships with electricity.

VII. Прочтите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод союза «until»:

1. The energy of the electrons increases until the magnetic field of the synchrotron becomes weaker.

2. The electrical properties of germanium remain unchanged until it is exposed to light.

3. The laboratory will not be able to carry out important scientific researches until it is equipped with up-to-date instru­ments.

4. Until the order is sent, the spaceship will follow the same path.

5. The body had the same shape until external pressure was changed.

6. The speed of the reaction was very great until the temperature decreased.

VIII. Прочтите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на различные значения глагола «to make»:

1. The engineers made the analysis of the results obtained.

2. The engineer made the laboratory-assistant measure these quantities again.

3. High pressure makes water flow through a pipe.

4. The field makes the particles travel on orbits close to the centre of the tube.

5. The decrease of resistance makes the current increase.

6. Knowing all these data the designer can make improve­ments in the design.

IX. * Укажите дробью синонимы и синонимичные выражения: к каждому слову (сочетанию) из левой колонки (числитель) подберите его синоним из правой (знаменатель):

1. a terminal

2. permanent

3. to make smb. do

4. a beam

5. to guide

6. rapidly

7. a shape

8. to hold

9. actual

10.to disturb

X. * Укажите дробью антонимы: к каждому слову из левой колонки (числитель) подберите его антоним из правой (знаменатель):

1. to inject 1. unreal

2. linear 2. to receive

3. to accelerate 3. unsuitable

4. close [s] 4. wide

5. narrow 5. to eject

6. suitable 6. to decelerate

7. exactly 7. unstable

8. to send 8. non-linear

9. actual 9. approximately

10. permanent 10.distant

XI. Прочтите и переведите сочетания слов:

1. to cause the increase of current; 2. to deflect beams; 3. to cause beams deflection; 4. to push the particles inward; 5. to inject liquid into a vessel; 6. to guide particles into a circular» path; 7. to make narrow beams deflect; 8. to change the curva­ture of the path; 9. close to the charged object; 10. a suitable adjustment; 11. a rapidly changing path; 12. to keep the body at a mile distance; 13. moving exactly along a circular path; 14. a magnet surrounding the vessel

XII. * Укажите дробью номер вопроса (числитель) и номер пред­ложения из текста, которое является ответом на него (знаменатель):

1. On what orbit do we suppose electrons in a synchrotron to travel?

2. Where is a pair of accelerating electrodes?

3. What does a ring-shaped magnet produce?

4. What is the speed of electrons at an energy of about 2 mev?

5. Do we know the cyclotron to be the simplest and oldest type of accelerator?

6. What does a vertical magnetic field provide?

7. Does the velocity of the ion become greater?

XIII. Переведите, не пользуясь словарем:

We consider semiconductors to occupy an intermediate¹ place between metals and insulators. Academician Joffe, a fa­mous Soviet scientist, found transistors to be of great interest not only for physics, but also for future technology

Transistors made it possible to design compact, small-dimensioned electronic devices, which consume very little power.

The transistors are successfully used for direct transforma­tion of heat energy into electrical energy by means of thermal elements. We know them to be used to transform radiant energy into electricity with the help of photocells or so-called solar batteries. In later years light sources and lasers were built on the basis of transistors.

Transistors revolutionized radio engineering and electro­nics. Because of their small size, the absence of incandescence and other properties, transistors make it possible to produce designs which cannot be achieved with vacuum lamps.

Transistors are extremely sensitive to external influences. Even thousandths of one per cent of admixtures change their electrical conductive properties by hundreds of thousands of times. They are very sensitive to the action of light, nuclear particles, pressure, etc

Пояснение к тексту

1. intermediate— промежуточный

XIV. Переведите, пользуясь словарем:

Nuclear Fusion and Nuclear Fission

One knows fission to be a process by which a heavy nucleus is bombarded with free neutrons which cause it to divide or fis­sion into two or more smaller nuclei. The smaller nuclei have a greater total binding energy and, consequently, a smaller total mass (about one tenth of one per cent less) than the heavy nucleus which fissioned. Therefore, there is a release of energy when an atom fissions.

We know nuclear fusion to occur when two light nuclei com­bine or fuse to form a single nucleus with a greater mass. The large nucleus will have a stronger binding energy and a mass that is about one half of one per cent smaller than the total mass of the two small nuclei. Thus, a fusion reaction releases several times as much energy as a fission reaction.

We have not yet learned how to control nuclear fusion well enough to reutilize it as a source of commercial power, although a fusion process is used in hydrogen bombs. The greatest prob­lem is that each nucleus bears a positive electrical charge and two nuclei therefore repel one another at ordinary temperatures. However, when the nuclei are heated to a very high tempera­ture, they no longer repel one another and so are able to meet and fuse. Because they require such high temperatures, fusion reactions also are called «thermonuclear reactions». The high temperatures required — several million degrees Fahrenheit — are too great for any known material to withstand. Research is now in progress to develop a method to contain the high temperature fusion materials within a magnetic field, rather than¹ in a material container.

Пояснение к тексту

1. rather than – а не

УРОК 8

ПРЕДТЕКСТОВЫЕ УПРАЖНЕНИЯ

I. Прочтите предложения, укажите в них оборот «именительный падеж с инфинитивом» и переведите предложения:

1. Electronics is thought to be a young science.

2. The electric generator is known to be a machine that con­verts mechanical energy into electrical energy.

3. Alpha rays are considered to be positively charged helium atoms.

4. An electric cell is believed to consist of an electrolyte and two electrodes.

5. This voltage source was supposed to supply current for this circuit.

6. The value of the output voltage of the cell was found to depend only on the materials used.

7. Due to these experiments this substance was shown to be a good conductor.

8. The secondary coil of the transformer is assumed to have more turns than the primary one.

9. Cadmium was reported to be very useful for application in transistors.

10. This scientist is expected to make a report on the funda­mentals of radio engineering.

11. The designer is said to construct a new device by using semiconductors.

12. The antenna was found to receive only a small part of energy radiated by the transmitter.

13. Atomic nuclei are believed to be composed of protons and neutrons.

14. An electric cell is known to be used for electric energy production.

15. The efficiency of these tubes is reported to be perfected.

16. Radio engineering in the USSR is considered to have made considerable progress.

17. The engineer is expected to have finished the experiment.

18. The engineers are said to have discovered new means of testing the equipment.

19. The students are said to have obtained very important data on the conductivity of a new substance.

II. а) Найдите в словаре глаголы и сочетания и запомните их значения:

to seem, to appear, to prove, to turn out, to happen, to be likely, to be unlikely, to be certain, to be sure

б) Прочтите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на пе­ревод сказуемого:

1. This substance proved to be a good conductor.

2. The engineer seems to work at the problem of waves traveling.

3. The laboratory appears to investigate this phenomenon.

4. The substance turned out to be unique in its properties.

5. The engineer happened to carry out this very important experiment.

6. Nuclear energy is certain to be the prime source of heat energy.

7. The cyclotron is likely to be the simplest and oldest type of accelerator.

8. He is sure to analyze the results of the test.

9. The rays from uranium compounds proved to differ from X-rays.

10. The dimensions of the body are likely to change under different temperature conditions.

11. These experiments appeared to be carried out in our laboratory.

12. The network of transmitting stations seems to be built in this region.

13. The laboratory is certain to be equipped with perfect measuring instruments.

14. This energy source is unlikely to be used in this system.

15. The application of new superconductive materials seems to be suitable for this device

III. Прочтите слова и группы слов:

micro [ai], microelement, microworld; image , elec­tron-optical image, electron-optical image converters; opaque [ou’peik], opaque materials, to penetrate into opaque materials; negligible , negligible radiation, negligible inten­sity; celestial , celestial body, waves emitted by ce­lestial bodies; the universe , facts about the uni­verse; ultra-short waves; ultra-violet radiations; (to) collide [ai], collision , collisions of bodies, collisions of ga­laxies ; aircraft , aircraft location; a meteor , meteors collisions; (to) ensure , (to) ensure radio contact, to ensure reliability of communication

TEXT

1 Electronics is believed to be a rather young and a very promising science. 2. It has become a powerful means of pro­gress. 3. Electronics has widened our vision.and given us the chance to see the microworld more clearly.4.Electron-optical image, converters using sol id-state, components penetrate deep into opaque materials,’convert invisible radiations to visible, and pick up light of negligible intensity. 5 Radio-telescopes are known to collect and to focus the radio waves emitted by celestial bodies, revealing new facts about the universe.6 Of course, radio waves are not the only carriers of information in space.7. Modern science knows many more media which can be employed for this purpose, 8. These are the infra-red and ultra­violet radiations, X- and gamma rays, elementary particles and fields, etc.9. What role will electronics play in space travel? 10 Above all, it will give a deeper insight into the properties of outer space. 11. Radio is thought to help man to learn more about the Sun’s atmosphere, the atmosphere of many planets, the location and speed of huge hydrogen clouds in space, and the processes accompanying the collisions of galaxies 12 Electro­nics is expected to enable the astronauts to locate their position in space. 13. Spaceships will be guided automatically just as robots pilot aircraft today. 14. Electronics is sure to give the space pilots easy control for soft landing on other pla­nets. 15. Collision-warning radars will operate automatic con­trol if there is a danger of meteor hitting the spaceship. 16. Be­fore all this can be accomplished, however, a great many complicated problems will have to be solved. 17. One problem is that of extending the range of radio communication in space. 18.With proper refinements, radio communication is likely to be set up over distances of 100 million kilometers or even more.

19. To ensure higher effectiveness and reliability of com­munication many thousands of scientific experiments in the USSR and abroad were devoted to the investigations of these factors. 20. All scientific achievements in the field of trans­mitting information over long distances being applied in the system of space communication, real possibilities are opened up for transmitting tremendous amount of information over distances of several hundred million kilometers. 21. Greater prospects for constructing even more effective systems for transmitting information in space are expected to be opened with the application of methods arid means of quantum electronics and especially of quantum generators.22 Quantum generators make possible the emission of electromagnetic waves in. extre­mely narrow beams. 23. All these scientific achievements are considered to be very important for future development of space communication.

Слова для запоминания

n aircraft, carrier, danger, range, refinement

и accompany, accomplish, devote, employ, enable, penetrate, pick-up, range

Слова для повторения

n achievement, location v ensure, extend, reveal

a narrow, negligible, only

adv extremely

УПРАЖНЕНИЯ

IV. * Прочтите предложения, укажите номера предложений, со­держащих оборот «именительный падеж с инфинитивом», и переве­дите все предложения:

1. The proper refinement is expected to be necessary for this system.

2. The proper refinement was used to improve the operation of this system.

3. The design of the transmitter was changed to be employed in this aircraft.

4. Radar is known to be employed to locate aircraft.

5. Iron and zinc plates are used to produce negative electrodes.

6. Some types of vacuum tubes may be used to rectify an alternating current.

7. Highly sensitive receivers are reported to be employed in space communication.

8. Special sputniks were created to provide reliable radio contact in space.

V. Прочтите и переведите предложения:

1. The device has proved to be extremely useful for space navigation.

2. The infra-red and ultra-violet radiations have been found to be media for carrying information in space.

3. Electronics is expected to enable the astronauts to locate their position in space.

4. These converters did not seem to be suitable for this purpose.

5. Metallic conductors do not appear to undergo any chemical change due to the passage of a current.

6. The receiver didn’t turn out to be perfect while operating on low frequencies.

7. This measuring instrument does not seem to be reliable.

VI.* Прочтите предложения, укажите номера предложений, в ко­торых слово «range» является сказуемым, и переведите все предложения:

1. The problem of extending the range of radio communica­tion in space is very important.

2. This material can be employed within definite tempera­ture ranges.

3. The radar system ranges within a definite distance.

4. The temperature range from — 500° C to —100 F can be achieved within four hours.

5. A short distance rocket ranges within some miles.

VII* Прочтите предложения, укажите номера предложений, в ко­торых слово «only» является именем прилагательным, и переведите все предложения;

1. Only powerful sources may be employed in space laboratories.

2. The designer is the only person who may change these parameters.

3. The students were shown only an automatic control system.

4. The only danger of the flight was a possible collision with micrometeorites.

5. Radio waves are not the only carriers of information in space.

VIII. * Назовите инфинитивы глаголов, от которых образованы следующие имена существительные:

carrier, refinement, accomplishment, penetration, location, achievement, guidance, injector, correspondence, circulation, collision, collection, measurement, application, consideration, assumption, expectation, disturbance, establishment, provision, requirement, definition, performance, creator, consumption, insulation, exposure, presentation, elimination

IX. Прочтите и переведите группы слов:

1. aircraft location; 2. aircraft location system; 3. communi­cation refinement; 4. radar equipment refinement; 5. space in­vestigations; 6. space investigation achievements; 7. range determination; 8. the range determination equipment; 9. a colli­sion danger; 10. space radio navigation; 11. a light-weight me­tallic body; 12. quantum generator performance; 13. long range rockets; 14. aircraft reliability; 15. satellite control system

X. Образуйте наречия от прилагательных:

а) Переведите прилагательные и наречия:

negligible, proper, tremendous, close, rapid, suitable, exact, actual, artificial, reliable, considerable, appreciable, total, perfect

б) Проверьте по словарю значения наречий, образованных от при­лагательных:

great, high, main, near, ready

XI. * Прочтите и переведите сочетания слов:

1. a rather high velocity; 2. a rather high ion concentration; 3. to penetrate into outer space; 4. the penetrating radiation; 5. to pick up signals from the satellite; 6. signals picked up by the ground station; 7. to study celestial bodies; 8. the radio waves emitted by celestial bodies; 9. to employ collision-warning radars; 10. proper refinements employed by this engineer; 11. a charge carrier; 12. a rocket carrier; 13. a tremendous speed 14. tremendous amount of information; 15. to. accomplish the investigation; 16. the research accomplished last year; 17. pro­cesses accompanying nuclear explosion; 18. heat release accom­panying this reaction; 19. a system suitable for operation in the range from Mars to Venus; 20. to enable astronauts to carry out the experiments in space

XII. Прочитайте и переведите предложения:

1. Тo learn more about the Sun’s atmosphere and the atmosphere of many planets was the task of the space flight.

2. Electronics is believed to have enabled the astronauts to locate their position in space and to measure their speeds.

3. We expect spaceships to be guided automatically.

4. We launch spaceships to learn more about the Sun’s atmosphere, the location and speed of huge hydrogen clouds in space, and the processes accompanying the collision of gala­xies.

5. There are many complicated problems to be solved for extending the range of radio communication in space.

6. We want you to take into consideration that voltage, resistance and capacity are the three important properties to influence the flow of current in an electric circuit.

7. Among the possible sources of power for engines one has to consider the possibility of applying atomic energy.

8. If the same cyclotron is to be used for the acceleration of different particles, the necessary adjustment may be made in two ways.

9. This device does not seem to operate because the voltage in the circuit is small.

10. We watched the operator solve a number of complicated problems by using a computer.

11. There are many factors to be taken into consideration when designing a spaceship.

XIII. * Укажите дробью номер вопроса (числитель) и номер пред­ложения из текста, которое является ответом на него (знаменатель):

1. Has electronics become a powerful means of progress?

2. What has electronics widened?

3. What will electronics give us?

4. How will spaceships be guided?

5. What will collision-warning radars do?

6. What were thousands of scientific experiments devoted to?

7. What do quantum generators make possible?

8. What prospects are expected with the application of methods and means of quantum electronics?

XIV. Переведите, не пользуясь словарем:

Space Thermoelectric Unit

Solar thermoelectric generator may provide auxiliary¹ electric power for space vehicles. The solar-energy thermionic con version device consists of the semiconductor elements placed between the light-weight metallic sheets². Heat from the Sun is collected by one metallic sheet and conducted through it to the semiconductor element. Heat energy not converted to electrical energy by the element is passed to the opposite³ sheet from which it is radiated into space. Such a system is believed to be suitable for operation in the range from Mars to Venus. Expected performance of the generators may be at power levels⁴, ranging from less than a watt to several kilowatts. Above these levels, performance of other generating systems seems to be more suitable. One such generator is also undergoing develop­ment.

Пояснения к тексту

1. auxiliary — вспомогательный, дополнительный

2. sheets — пластины

3. opposite — противоположный

4. levels — уровни

XV. Переведите, пользуясь словарем:

The TU-144, the first supersonic passenger plane in the world, can fly at twice the speed of sound, its cruising speed¹ being 2,500 kph.

The air conditioning system is known to be of great impor­tance for a supersonic plane. In the turbojet planes the air in the cabins had to be heated but in supersonic types it had to be cooled. This is much more complicated than heating, for, besides the heat emitted by the passengers and electronic equip­ment, it is also necessary to cool the heat which penetrates the walls of the fuselage. At a speed of 2,500 kph the outer shell of the TU-144 heats up to 150° C. At an altitude of 20,000 metres the pressure in the passenger cabine of the TU-144 is maintained at the level of 2,400 metres.

The supersonic airliner is certain to occupy a leading place in passenger transport. This type of transportation has great advantages since it provides a high degree of comfort for passen­gers. One shouldn’t forget that it takes no more than three hours to fly great distances.

It is precisely from this moment that the age of supersonic airliners begins.

Пояснение к тексту

1. cruising speed -крейсерская скорость

УРОК 9

ПРЕДТЕКСТОВЫЕ УПРАЖНЕНИЯ

I. Прочтите предложения, укажите в них формы сослагательного наклонения и переведитепредложения.

1. It is necessary that the temperature be constant. 2. It is desirable that this device be tested before the expe­riment.

3. It is required that a spaceship be directed towards the
planet.

4. It is important that any student know the fundamentals
of electrical engineering.

5. If the magnetic circuit consisted of non-magnetic material, the field would be proportional to the current.

6. If the temperature were higher, the results of the test
would be better,

7. If. the tube acted as a simple resistor, the relation between
the plate current and the plate voltage would follow Ohm’s Law.

8. Without the radio we would nave very great difficulty
in observing man-made satellites

9. Had the pipe a small cross-section, the water flow per
second would be small.

10.Had a coil more turns, the induced emf would be larger. 11 Were a directional antenna used, the system would ope­rate much better.

12. Were the plates connected together through an external circuit, a current would result and chemical reactions would take place in the cell.

13. If we had used a coil with half the number of turns du­ring our last experiment, we should have got a much lower emf.

14. If we had had more powerful equipment, we should have
carried out our research much earlier.

15. Were there a conducting wire between both points of
unequal potential, the electrons could flow from one of the
points to the other.

16. He suggested that we should use this equipment.

II. Прочтите и переведите предложения, определив тип бессоюзного придаточного предложения:

1. The experiments showed this substance was unique in its
properties.

2. We know the value of voltage is the same in all the ele­ments of a parallel circuit.

3. The weight of an atom depends on the number of protons
and neutrons it contains.

4. The test we have made is of great importance for our
laboratory.

5. The problem we shall deaf with is connected with new
electronic devices.

6. The devices we are speaking about are constructed on
the basis of photoemission.

7. The computer the engineer is testing was produced in
Minsk.

8. The transmitter we have spoken about is suitable for
this system.

9. We think cadmium is very useful for the application in
transistors.

10. The rays he referred to differ from X-rays.

III. Прочтите слова и группы слов:

(to) rectify [ai], rectifier, rectifying, rectification; charac­teristic , linear characteristics; symmetrical, symmetrical characteristics; (to) permit, (to) permit easy flow; a surface , on the surface of the contact; some features [i:], some typical features; to oppose, opposing, opposite [zit], the opposite flow; through , through the surfaces, imme­diate immediately, immediately connected; adjacent , adjacent surfaces, immediately adjacent; ideal , an ideal rectifier; infinite [‘infinit], infinite conduc­tance

TEXT

varistors

I. A solid rectifier or diode is a varistor having a volt-current characteristic which is not only non-linear but also non-symmetrical about the origin of currents and voltages.

2. The shape of a rectifier characteristic permits easy flow of current through the device in one direction but presents high resistance to current flow in the opposite direction. 3. The device we are speaking about is called a non-symmetrical varis-tor.4. A semiconductor contact rectifier, whatever its size, or electrical properties, consists of a layer of the semiconductor material with two metal contacts on its surface or surfaces. 5. If both of these contacts were rectifying, then the device would really be a series combination of two rectifiers in series opposing.6. In order to use the properties of the device in the best way, it is necessary that the rectification at one of these contacts be as ideal as possible. 7. It is also necessary that the •rectification at the other contact would be eliminated at the same time.

8. This can be done through the proper choice of a nonrectifying metal for the second contact or through suitable rectification-destroying treatment of the semiconductor surface before applying the contact metal. 9.The place of the rectification at the non-ohmic contact is often called the barrier layer or blocking layer l0. It consists of a very thin layer of semiconductor, immediately adjacent to the metal contact in which the local resistivity is many times greater than in the bulk material. II. The magnitude of the local resistivity, as well as the thickness of the layer itself, depends upon the direction and the magnitude of the voltage applied across the contact. 12. Typical barrier layer thickness runs from 10-6 to 10-³ cm. 13. The primary function of a rectifier is to serve as one-way valve allowing current to flow easily in one direction and only with great difficulty in the other. 14. The ideal rectifier would of course present infinite conductance in one direction and infinite resistance in the other.

15. Rectifying devices of various kinds using contacts between metals and semiconductors approach this ideal with certain characteristic features which are more or less common to all such devices.

16. The features we have just mentioned above must be discussed in details if one wants to understand the operation of these devices much better.

Слова для запоминания

п feature, origin, rectifier, surface, thickness, treatment

v destroy, mention, permit, rectify, serve

a adjacent, local, solid

adv immediately

prep as well as

Слова для повторения

n layer, magnitude, shape

v allow, approach, eliminate, present, run (ran, run)

a opposite, thin

УПРАЖНЕНИЯ

IV. * Прочтите предложения, укажите номера предложений со сказуемым в сослагательном наклонении и переведите все предложения;

1. Some materials could conduct electricity if their temperature were increased.

2. It is possible to find out the resistance of the conductor at any given temperature if the resistance at one temperature is known.

3. A redistribution of charges would take place if two
charged conductors were connected by a wire.

4. Potential in a point is equal to the work that would be
required to transfer that unit charge from infinity to that point.

5. If both metal contacts in a semiconductor contact rectifier were rectifying, the device would be, a series combination of two rectifiers in series opposing.

6. It is necessary that the electrical characteristics of semiconductor materials be changed.

7. If the wire is a large one and the current is a small one should use a thermometer to detect the developed heat.

8. If the structure were perfectly regular, all atoms would be in their proper places and no extra atoms would be present.

9. If placed in a different surrounding medium this device operated differently.

10. Were the vapors emitted collected they would be found to consist largely of water.

11. If the semiconductor had been disposed in a thick layer, the photoelectric increase of conductivity would have taken place only in the surface layers near where the light is absorbed.

12. Were the rectification at one contact ideal, we could use this material.

13. If the student had known the main features of this receiver, he could have used it in his experiment.

14. The engineer ordered that the test should be repeated.

V. Прочтите и переведите группы слов:

1. a rectifier characteristic; 2. the rectifier characteristic investigation; 3. a surface layer; 4. surface layer features; 5. the barrier layer application; 6. the barrier layer investigation; 7. the barrier layer thickness; 8. the resistivity magnitude; .9. an adjacent contact shape; 10. the adjacent contact shape features; 11. a semiconductor resistance; 12. a semiconductor resistance thermometer; 13. a rectifier contact area; 14, a recti­fier barrier capacitance

VI. * Определите по суффиксам, к какой части речи относятся
слова, и переведите их:

1. rectify; 2. rectifier; 3. rectification; 4. local; 5. locality; 6. immediately; 7. destruction; 8. destructive; 9. eliminate; 10. elimination; 11, original; 12. originally; 13. opposition

VII. * Прочтите и переведите сочетания слов:

1. rectifying contacts; 2. to employ these rectifiers; 3. to employ heat treatment; 4. to accomplish heat treatment; 5. to decrease the layer thickness; 6.to mention the typical features of this device; 7. to study the origin of this phenomenon; 8. to destroy the rectification; 9. to destroy the equipment; 10, a dan­ger of destruction; 11. destructive forces accompanying the explosion; 12. to penetrate through the surface; 13, to permit easy flow of current; 14. to permit the voltage to increase; 15 tо sегvе as a semiconductor; 16. a layer adjacent to the metal contact; 17. adjacent surfaces; 18. local changes; 19. a solid rectifier; 20. immediately adjacent contacts; 21, as well as these surfaces; 22. as well as these magnitudes; 23. to mention typical features

VIII.Прочтите и переведите предложения:

1. Properties of steel depend also on heat treatment the
metal has been subjected to.

2. It is desirable that heat treatment be used in this case.

3. A valve voltmeter is known to be one of the most useful
measuring instruments the radio engineer can possess,

4. It is necessary that this rectifier would serve as one-way
valve permitting current to flow easily in one direction and
with great difficulty in the other,

4. The blocking layer is known to consist of a very thin layer
of semiconductor, immediately adjacent to the metal contact.

5. The transmitter he will construct must operate on various
frequencies.

6. Were the wire a large one and the current were small we
should have to use a sensitive thermometer to detect the developed heat.

7. If the wire had been very thin and the current had been
large, the amount of generated heat would have been much
greater than that developed in the thick wire.

8. The way of current generation we are speaking about is
widely used in industry.

10. It is required that the rectification at one of these contacts

be as ideal as possible. •

11. We know the place of rectification at the non-ohmic
contact to be called the barrier layer or blocking layer.

12. If we had taken into consideration the properties of this
substance, we should have been careful when working with it.

13. The non-symmetrical varistors characteristics are considered

to depend upon the direction the voltage is applied in.

14. The object of this treatment is to increase the photosensitivity

of the lead sulfide layer in photoconductivity.

15. The magnitude of the local resistivity, as well as the
thickness of the layer itself is believed to depend upon the direction

and the magnitude of the voltage applied across the
contact.

IX. * Укажите дробью номер вопроса (числитель) и номер предло­жения из текста, которое является ответом на него (знаменатель):

1. What is the place of the rectification at the non-ohmic
contact called?

2. What does the magnitude of the local resistivity depend
upon?

3. What is a solid rectifier?

4. What does a semiconductor contact rectifier consist of?

5. What would happen if both of the semiconductor contacts
were rectifying?

6. What does a blocking layer consist of?

7. What is the primary function of a rectifier?

8. What is necessary in order to use the properties of the con­
tact rectifier in the best way?

X. Переведите, не пользуясь словарем:

Heat Detection In a Wire

A current carrying wire will almost always be at a higher temperature than the temperature of the same wire when a current is only flowing through it. It means that the electric current passing through a wire will heat that wire. Thus, this current can be detected due to the heat it produces when it is flowing through the wire. If the wire were a large one and the current were small, the only way to detect the developed heat would be using a sensitive thermometer because the heating were very weak for the detection by other means. But when the wire is very thin and the current is large, the amount of generated heat is much greater than that developed in the thick wire.

• «

XI.Переведите, пользуясь словарем:

I. The Magnetic Loudspeaker

We know the moving diaphragms of the earphones to cause the air next to them to move. Thus they produce the sound you hear. Were this sound loud enough, you could lay the ear­phones on the table and would not wear them on your head.

If you were to make one of the diaphragms larger it would move a greater quantity of air and thus produce a louder sound. For practical reasons a diaphragm cannot be made very large, and so another scheme was developed. One end of a stiff wire is fastened to the center of the diaphragm. To the other end of the wire a large paper cone is fastened. The fluctuating dia­phragm moves the wire; the wire in turn moves the paper cone. This in turn sets a large amount of air in motion, creating a loud sound. This device is called the magnetic loudspeak

Short-Wave Converter

When the first sputnik was launched with its 1-watt trans­mitters, operating at approximately 20 mc and 40 mc (mega­cycles), most owners of short-wave receivers were able to tune to the lower frequency, and with moderately good antennas pick up the signals from the satellite, especially when it passed over at some minimum angle above the horizon. However, many ordinary short-wave receivers would not tune to 40 mc, and the need for converters or new receivers was apparent.

A popular solution to the matter was to construct a converter. This unit could be provided in a very stable form by using a crystal-controlled oscillator at a frequency, which when fed into its mixer — either as a fundamental or a harmonic — would provide a signal which could be tuned in by the main receiver. Good signal-to-noise ratios were obtained by using a cascode radio frequency amplifier ahead of the converter mixer. The output of the mixer can be established at some relatively low frequency, such as 3 to 4 mc, so that good stability will be realized in the main receiver.